Introduction The braking system is a crucial component of any vehicle, ensuring safety by allowing the driver to slow down or stop the vehicle effectively. Over the years, braking systems have evolved significantly, incorporating advanced technologies to improve efficiency, safety, and performance. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of various types of braking systems and modern brake types used in today’s vehicles. Types of Braking Systems 1. Mechanical Braking System The mechanical braking system, one of the oldest types, relies on mechanical linkages to transmit the force from the brake pedal to the brake shoes or pads. This system uses cables or rods to activate the brakes. Advantages: Simple design Low maintenance costs Disadvantages: Requires frequent adjustments Less efficient compared to modern systems 2. Hydraulic Braking System The hydraulic braking system is the most commonly used braking system in modern vehicles. It uses brake fluid to transfer the force from the brake pedal to the brake pads or shoes. Components: Master cylinder Brake fluid reservoir Brake lines and hoses Wheel cylinders or calipers Brake pads or shoes Advantages: Provides consistent braking force Requires less effort from the driver Self-adjusting Disadvantages: Potential for brake fluid leaks Requires regular maintenance of the hydraulic fluid 3. Pneumatic Braking System Pneumatic braking systems, also known as air brakes, are commonly used in heavy vehicles like trucks and buses. This system uses compressed air to transmit the braking force. Components: Air compressor Air reservoir Brake chambers Brake shoes or pads Advantages: Reliable and efficient for heavy vehicles Quick response time Allows for the integration of additional safety features like anti-lock braking systems (ABS) Disadvantages: Requires a large amount of space for the air compressor and reservoirs Maintenance can be complex and costly 4. Electromagnetic Braking System Electromagnetic braking systems use magnetic force to slow down

Shoulder Pain Medically Reviewed by Zilpah Sheikh, MD on June 19, 2024  Written by Marijke Vroomen Durning, RN What Is Shoulder Pain? Shoulder Injury Symptoms Shoulder Pain Causes Shoulder Pain Diagnosis 12 min read What Is Shoulder Pain? Shoulder pain is any type of pain or discomfort you feel in your shoulder. Your shoulder is called a ball-and-socket joint. It can move in many directions and it’s considered to be the most movable joint in the body. But it’s actually two joints (the acromioclavicular joint and the glenohumeral joint). Your shoulder joins with your upper-arm bone (humerus), shoulder blade (scapula), and collarbone (clavicle). The humerus fits into the rounded socket of the scapula. Each shoulder is held in place by a group of four muscles and tendons, called a rotator cuff, which covers and protects the humerus and lets you raise and move your arm. There are also ligaments that hold bone to bone, and a sac filled with fluid that cushions the humerus head inside the joint. Because there are so many parts to the shoulder, there are many reasons why your shoulder might hurt. You might injure it in a fall or accident, or you could have overdone a chore like painting. Sometimes, shoulder pain comes from a condition like arthritis. It can even stem from problems in other parts of your body, which is called referred pain. Your shoulder is a complex joint made of ligaments, bone, tendons, and muscle, so there are many ways it can get injured. (Photo Credit: E+/Getty Images) Depending on what’s causing the pain, it can be sharp or achy. It can be sudden or come on gradually. It can also stop you from doing some of your regular activities. Using a painful shoulder could cause further damage, so it’s important to find out why your shoulder hurts and

Arm pain can have a range of causes, from small injuries and pinched nerves. Most cases resolve on their own, but talk with a healthcare professional if the pain is ongoing or accompanied by other symptoms. Arm pain Arm pain is defined as discomfort or pain experienced anywhere throughout the arm. It can include pain in the wrist, elbow, and shoulder. Arm pain can occur due to a variety of causes. The most common causes are injury or overuse. Depending on the cause, the pain may start suddenly and go away, or it may increase gradually. Symptoms that occur with arm pain The symptoms that can accompany arm pain will depend on the cause. They may include: arm redness stiffness swelling swollen lymph nodes under the arm Causes of arm pain Causes of arm pain and the accompanying symptoms can range from mild to severe. Possible causes of arm pain include: Pinched nerves Pinched nerves happen when a nerve has too much pressure on it due to surrounding: bones muscle cartilage tendons Other symptoms can include: tingling numbness sharp pain muscle weakness Sprains Sprains are stretching or tearing of the ligaments or tendons. They’re common injuries. You can take care of a mild sprain at home, but more severe strains may require surgery. Common symptoms can include swelling, bruising, limited joint mobility, and an unstable joint. Tendonitis Tendonitis is inflammation of the tendon. It commonly occurs in the shoulders, elbows, and wrists. Tendonitis can vary from mild to severe. Other symptoms include mild swelling, tenderness, and a dull, aching pain. Rotator cuff injury These occur most often in people who perform overhead motions in their daily lives, like painters or baseball players. Symptoms include a dull ache in the shoulder and potential arm weakness. Broken bones Broken or fractured bones can cause